The enlargement of roots is a complex biological process involving morphogenesis and dry matter accumulation, which are jointly regulated by genetic, environmental and physiological factors. Because the soil in deforested areas is fertile and has sufficient nutrients, the taproots of cutting forest ginseng are more enlarged, which makes the yield higher. There are two main ways to cultivate garden ginseng: one way is to cultivate ginseng on land after deforestation, which we call “cutting forest ginseng”, and the other is to cultivate ginseng on farmland, which we call “farmland ginseng”. In China, due to excessive foraging and the lack of wild ginseng resources, in order to meet the market demand, people began to study the artificial cultivation of ginseng, commonly known as garden ginseng. ![]() Modern pharmacological studies have also proven that ginseng has various pharmacological effects, such as immunity-enhancing, anti-aging, anti-fatigue and anti-tumor effects. It has an extremely high medicinal value. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng has the functions of invigorating vitality, recovering pulse, nourishing the spleen and benefiting the lungs, promoting body fluid production and nourishing blood, tranquilizing the mind and improving intelligence, etc. Meyer is a medicinal herb, used in the forms of dried roots and rhizomes, and has been used as a Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years in China and in various other countries. In summary, our study is conducive to clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng, and it provides new insights for the further exploration of the morphogenesis of ginseng roots. In addition, as a sugar signaling molecule, T6P might act on the auxin synthesis gene ALDH2 to promote the synthesis of auxin and, thus, participate in the growth and development of garden ginseng roots. Auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid synergistically regulated the enlargement of the taproots of the garden ginseng. During the enlargement of the taproots of CF-CG, genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. Sucrose, fructose and ginsenoside were significantly accumulated in CF-CG. The results show that, compared with those of F-CG, the thickness of the main roots in CF-CG was increased by 70.5%, and the fresh weight of the taproots was increased by 305.4%. These two phenotypes were explored at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels so as to understand the regulatory mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng. ![]() In this study, we used ginseng cultivated in deforested land (CF-CG) and ginseng cultivated in farmland (F-CG) as experimental materials. In order to meet the market demand, the artificial cultivation of ginseng emerged, but different growth environments significantly affect the root morphology of garden ginseng. Ginseng is regarded as the “king of herbs” in China, with its roots and rhizomes used as medicine, and it has a high medicinal value.
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